Substance Use Education India: A 50+ Part Harm Reduction Series
A comprehensive, clinical-grade encyclopedia of substances prone to misuse in India. Covering pharmacology, legal status, market pricing, Jan Aushadhi MRP data, and recovery resources.
General
General General Part 10: Clonazepam – The High-Potency Antiepileptic and the Long-Half Life Trap
A clinical and harm-reduction guide to Clonazepam in India, exploring its role in seizure management, its use in REM sleep disorders, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the severe risks of physical dependence as of 2026.
General Part 11: Lorazepam – The Hospital Standard and the Intravenous Powerhouse
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Lorazepam (Ativan) in India, exploring its unique liver-safe metabolic pathway, its role in treating status epilepticus, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and current misuse trends as of 2026.
General Part 12: Nitrazepam – The Sleeping Tablet and the Risk of Long-Term Hypnotic Use
An exhaustive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Nitrazepam in India, exploring its potent hypnotic effects, its role in treating infantile spasms, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and its history as a potential date-rape drug as of 2026.
General Part 13: Midazolam – The Amnesia Agent and the Anesthesia Companion
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Midazolam in India, exploring its role in procedural sedation, the life-saving potential of nasal sprays in pediatric seizures, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and safety protocols as of 2026.
General Part 14: Chlordiazepoxide – The Alcohol Withdrawal Hero and the First Benzodiazepine
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) in India, exploring its history as the first benzo, its vital role in alcohol detox, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and its combination use for IBS as of 2026.
General Part 15: Clobazam – The Pediatric Anticonvulsant and the Anxiety Buffer
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Clobazam in India, exploring its unique 1,5-benzodiazepine structure, its role in treating difficult epilepsies, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the intermittent dosing protocols for catamenial epilepsy as of 2026.
General Part 16: Zolpidem – The Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotic and the 'Z-Drug' Era
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Zolpidem (Zolfresh) in India, exploring its selective GABA-A action, the risk of complex sleep behaviors, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and its paradoxical effect on brain injuries as of 2026.
General Part 17: Zopiclone – The Bitter-Taste Hypnotic and the New Regulatory Guard
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Zopiclone in India, exploring its cyclopyrrolone pharmacology, the hallmark 'metallic taste,' Jan Aushadhi unavailability, and its April 2026 shift to Schedule H1.
General Part 18: Eszopiclone – The Refined Sleep Aid and the Potency Leap
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Eszopiclone in India, exploring its (S)-enantiomer advantage, its role in chronic insomnia management, market pricing, and the strict 2026 Schedule H1 regulations.
General Part 19: Phenobarbital – The Ancient Anticonvulsant and the Barbiturate Legacy
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Phenobarbital in India, exploring its role as an essential antiepileptic, Jan Aushadhi pricing, the dangers of barbiturate withdrawal, and its extreme 100-hour half-life as of 2026.
General Part 2: Tramadol Hydrochloride – The Seizure-Prone Synthetic Opioid
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Tramadol Hydrochloride in the Indian context, covering pharmacology, NDPS regulations, and market pricing as of 2026.
General Part 20: Pentobarbital – The Veterinary Sedative and the Ethics of End-of-Life Care
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Pentobarbital in India, exploring its role in 'Barbiturate Comas,' its veterinary use for humane euthanasia, Jan Aushadhi unavailability, and the strict Schedule X legal status as of 2026.
General Part 21: Pregabalin – The Neuropathic Pain Healer and the New Wave of Misuse
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Pregabalin in India, exploring its role in nerve pain and anxiety, its Jan Aushadhi pricing, the rising trend of its misuse as 'The New Tramadol,' and the April 2026 Schedule H1 update.
General Part 22: Gabapentin – The Original Gabapentinoid and the Nerve Pain Foundation
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Gabapentin (Neurontin) in India, exploring its saturable absorption kinetics, Jan Aushadhi pricing, its role in treating Shingles pain, and the April 2026 shift to Schedule H1.
General Part 23: Carisoprodol – The Muscle Relaxant with a Sedative Secret
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Carisoprodol in India, exploring its conversion to Meprobamate, Jan Aushadhi unavailability, its rising misuse in the 'Pharma-Free' export market, and the April 2026 shift to Schedule H1.
General Part 24: Baclofen – The Spinal Stabilizer and the Anti-Spasticity Standard
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Baclofen in India, exploring its GABA-B mechanism, its role in treating cerebral palsy and spinal cord injuries, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the life-threatening risk of abrupt withdrawal as of 2026.
General Part 25: Tizanidine – The Alpha-2 Agonist and the 'Short-Acting' Spasm Relief
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Tizanidine (Sirdalud) in India, exploring its unique alpha-2 adrenergic mechanism, Jan Aushadhi pricing, its role in treating MS spasticity, and the risk of rebound hypertension as of 2026.
General Part 26: Chlorzoxazone – The Skeletal Muscle Relaxant and the Red-Urine Mystery
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Chlorzoxazone (Mobizox) in India, exploring its mechanism, combination therapy protocols, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the harmless 'orange urine' effect as of 2026.
General Part 27: Methylphenidate – The CNS Stimulant and the 'Focus Pill' Phenomenon
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Methylphenidate (Inspiral/Addwize) in India, exploring its dopamine-reuptake mechanism, Schedule X regulations, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the 2026 supply crisis.
General Part 28: Modafinil – The 'Limitless' Pill and the Vigilance Revolution
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Modafinil (Modalert) in India, exploring its dopamine-transport mechanism, the 'nootropic' misuse trend among professionals, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome as of 2026.
General Part 29: Pseudoephedrine – The Decongestant and the Precursor Trap
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Pseudoephedrine in India, exploring its sympathomimetic mechanism, its classification as an NDPS Controlled Substance, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of methamphetamine diversion as of 2026.
General Part 3: Tapentadol Hydrochloride – The Modern Opioid and the Hallucinogenic Edge
A deep dive into Tapentadol Hydrochloride, exploring its NRI mechanism, Indian market pricing, comparison with Tramadol, and its rising profile in non-medical use as of 2026.
General Part 30: Sibutramine – The Banned Appetite Suppressant and the Diet-Pill Dark Market
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Sibutramine in India, detailing its 2010 ban, its illegal detection in 'natural' supplements, the severe cardiovascular risks, and the 2026 crackdown on illicit diet pills.
General Part 31: Ketamine – The Dissociative Anesthetic and the 'Special K' Nightclub Crisis
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Ketamine in India, exploring its NMDA-receptor antagonism, its classification as a Schedule X/NDPS psychotropic, Jan Aushadhi pricing, the 'K-Hole' phenomenon, and the 2026 club drug trends.
General Part 32: Dextromethorphan – The Cough Syrup High and the 'Plateau' Effect
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Dextromethorphan (DXM) in India, exploring its NMDA-receptor antagonism, the four plateaus of dissociation, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the 2026 CDSCO crackdown on cough syrup misuse.
General Part 33: Nitrous Oxide – The 'Laughing Gas' and the B12 Deficiency Crisis
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Nitrous Oxide (N2O) in India, exploring its NMDA-receptor antagonism, the hidden risk of permanent nerve damage, Jan Aushadhi (Institutional) pricing, and the 2026 'Whippet' party drug trend.
General Part 34: Promethazine – The Antihistamine and the 'Purple Drank' Potentiator
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Promethazine (Phenergan) in India, exploring its dopamine-blocking mechanism, its role in the 'Lean' cocktail, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of acute dystonia as of 2026.
General Part 35: Diphenhydramine – The Sleep Aid and the Deliriant Danger
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) in India, exploring its anticholinergic mechanism, the 'Hatman' deliriant phenomenon, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of early-onset dementia as of 2026.
General Part 36: Chlorpheniramine – The 'Safe' Antihistamine and the Liver Load
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Chlorpheniramine (CPM) in India, exploring its H1-receptor mechanism, its role in cough syrup 'cocktails', Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of paradoxical excitation as of 2026.
General Part 37: Hydroxyzine – The Anxiolytic Antihistamine and the Heart Rhythm Risk
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Hydroxyzine (Atarax) in India, exploring its H1 and dopamine mechanism, its role in opioid withdrawal management, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of QT prolongation as of 2026.
General Part 38: Trihexyphenidyl – The 'Pacitane' Deliriant and the Anticholinergic Trap
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Trihexyphenidyl (Pacitane) in India, exploring its anticholinergic mechanism, its misuse as a deliriant (the 'Five-Star' high), Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of cognitive collapse as of 2026.
General Part 39: Atropine – The 'Deadly Nightshade' and the Heart Rate Rescue
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Atropine in India, exploring its muscarinic antagonism, its life-saving role in pesticide poisoning, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of anticholinergic toxicity as of 2026.
General Part 4: Morphine Sulfate – The Gold Standard of Analgesia and the Root of Opioid History
An exhaustive clinical guide to Morphine in India, covering its history from the British era to its current status as an Essential Narcotic Drug, pricing, pharmacology, and harm-reduction strategies as of 2026.
General Part 40: Scopolamine – The 'Devil's Breath' and the Motion Sickness Patch
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Scopolamine (Hyoscine) in India, exploring its amnesic properties, its reputation as the 'Devil's Breath', Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the 2026 crackdown on its illicit use in traveler scams.
General Part 41: Amitriptyline – The Tricyclic Antidepressant and the Cardiac Toxicity Risk
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Amitriptyline (Tryptomer) in India, exploring its role in chronic pain, the narrow therapeutic index, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias in 2026.
General Part 42: Quetiapine – The 'Seroquel' Misuse and the Metabolic Trap
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Quetiapine (Qutipin) in India, exploring its atypical antipsychotic mechanism, its misuse as a 'sleeper' or 'downer', Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the 2026 metabolic crisis.
General Part 43: Bupropion – The 'Happy-Skinny-Seizure' Pill and the Smoking Cessation Aid
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Bupropion (Bupron) in India, exploring its NDRI mechanism, its role in smoking cessation and Adult ADHD, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the dose-dependent seizure risk as of 2026.
General Part 44: Nandrolone – The 'Deca-Durabolin' and the Bodybuilding Trap
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Nandrolone in India, exploring its anabolic benefits in anemia, its widespread misuse in gyms, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of 'Deca Dick' and heart failure as of 2026.
General Part 45: Testosterone – The 'Natural' Trap and the Pituitary Shutdown
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Testosterone in India, exploring its role in hormone replacement, its widespread misuse in the TRT and bodybuilding culture, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of permanent infertility as of 2026.
General Part 46: Stanozolol – The 'Winstrol' Burner and the Joint Pain Reality
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Stanozolol in India, exploring its use in angioedema, its widespread misuse for 'cutting' in bodybuilding, Jan Aushadhi pricing, and the risk of liver failure and tendon ruptures as of 2026.
General Part 47: Clenbuterol – The 'Fat-Burning' Heart Strain and the Tremor Reality
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Clenbuterol in India, exploring its role as a veterinary bronchodilator, its dangerous misuse for rapid weight loss, and the risk of permanent heart wall thickening as of 2026.
General Part 48: Toluene & Volatile Solvents – The 'Glue-Sniffing' and the Brain Dissolution
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Inhalants in India, exploring the industrial role of Toluene, the tragic epidemic of glue-sniffing among street children, and the risk of 'Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome' as of 2026.
General Part 49: Alkyl Nitrites – The 'Poppers' and the Methemoglobinemia Risk
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Alkyl Nitrites (Poppers) in India, exploring their vasodilator mechanism, their use in the club and LGBTQ+ scenes, the 'Blue Blood' oxygen crisis, and the risk of permanent vision loss as of 2026.
General Part 5: Fentanyl – The Microgram Menace and the 100x Potency
A critical clinical and harm-reduction guide to Fentanyl in the Indian landscape, covering its extreme potency, transdermal patch technology, market pricing, and the risk of 'Wooden Chest' syndrome as of 2026.
General Part 50: Cannabis & Bhang – The 'Somlata' and the Psychosis Risk
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Cannabis in India, exploring the medical potential of CBD, the legal distinction between Bhang and Ganja, and the rising 2026 risks of high-THC psychosis and CHS.
General Part 6: Buprenorphine – The Partial Agonist and the 'Ceiling Effect' Breakthrough
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Buprenorphine in India, covering its unique 'Ceiling Effect', its role in Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST), market pricing, and the risks of precipitated withdrawal as of 2026.
General Part 7: Methadone – The Long-Acting Full Agonist and the NMDA Breakthrough
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Methadone in India, covering its unique pharmacology, its role in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT), toxicity risks, and its legal status as an Essential Narcotic Drug as of 2026.
General Part 8: Alprazolam – The Panic Pill and the 'Kutta Goli' Crisis
A comprehensive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Alprazolam (Xanax) in India, exploring its rapid onset, Jan Aushadhi vs Branded pricing, the extreme risk of withdrawal seizures, and its role in the poly-substance abuse epidemic as of 2026.
General Part 9: Diazepam – The Father of Benzodiazepines and the Gold Standard for Alcohol Withdrawal
An exhaustive clinical and harm-reduction guide to Diazepam (Valium) in India, covering its unique long half-life, Jan Aushadhi vs Branded pricing, its critical role in emergency medicine, and the risks of cumulative toxicity as of 2026.